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[small]Image of runestone found during an expedition. It has been translated to common, but does not give any clues as to meaning.[/small]
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In the Muioqa Desert is found the Puqopen Navu, the Forbidden Gorge. And deep in the gorge are the Pewamro, survivors of The Cataclysm. They are horribly misshapen and challenged due to the damage their DNA took from the blast.
One of the areas where this damage took its greatest effect was the Pewamro’s motor skills. With many having damaged or disfigured hands, or non-functional vocal abilities, they needed to come up with another method of communication. And this was born the Pewamro Runes.
The Pewamro recognized that they had to have some type of written communication. So they came up with a simple method of using dots straight lines and geometric symbols to replace common writing. This method could be used even by those without digits on their fingers as long as they could at least feel something. It was also very easy to remember for them and replaced the old style of writing they were used to. If one travels deep into the gorge, they will find these types of runes on the walls of the Gorge, some of them being indications of where trails and Pathways lead.
The Pewamro language is very guttural. This is due to the fact that many have lost significant control of facial muscles through the damage done to their DNA. This has meant an adjustment to their speaking method and most of the sounds they use for guttural and do not require large or fine movement of the mouth or lips.
[h1]Pewamro Runic[/h1]
[h2] Natively known as: [b]p’wmäœ[/b] /ˈwmɜːœ/ [/h2]
[i]…and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind…[/i]
[b]fot bɘp yäw me nib sow fot me egam hel sek ʄaŋmap big[/b]
[alt]
[b]Pronunciation[/b]: /fɔt bɘp jɜːw mɛ nɪb sɔw fɔt mɛ ˈegam hɛl sɛk ˈʄaŋmap big/
[b]Pewamro word order[/b]: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to[/alt]
[h2]Spelling & Phonology[/h2]
[b]Consonant inventory[/b]: b d f g h j k l m n s w z ʤ
[table][tr][th]↓Manner/Place→[/th][th]Bilabial[/th][th]Labiodental[/th][th]Alveolar[/th][th]Palato-alveolar[/th][th]Palatal[/th][th]Velar[/th][th]Glottal[/th][/tr][tr][td]Nasal[/td][td]m[/td][td][/td][td]n[/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][/tr][tr][td]Stop[/td][td]b[/td][td][/td][td]d[/td][td][/td][td][/td][td]k g[/td][td][/td][/tr][tr][td]Affricate[/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][td]ʤ[/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][/tr][tr][td]Fricative[/td][td][/td][td]f[/td][td]s z[/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][td]h[/td][/tr][tr][td]Approximant[/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][td]j[/td][td][/td][td][/td][/tr][tr][td]Lateral approximant[/td][td][/td][td][/td][td]l[/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][/tr][/table]
[b]Co-articulated phonemes[/b]
[table][tr][th]↓Manner/Place→[/th][th]Labial-velar[/th][/tr][tr][td]Approximant[/td][td]w[/td][/tr][/table]
[b]Vowel inventory[/b]: œ ɔ ɛ ɜː ɪ ʊ
[table][tr][th][/th][th]Front[/th][th]Central[/th][th]Back[/th][/tr][tr][td]Near-high[/td][td]ɪ[/td][td][/td][td]ʊ[/td][/tr][tr][td]Low-mid[/td][td]ɛ œ[/td][td]ɜː[/td][td]ɔ[/td][/tr][/table]
[b]Syllable structure[/b]: (C)V(C)
[b]Stress pattern[/b]: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
[b]Word initial consonants[/b]: b d f h j k l n s ʤ
[b]Mid-word consonants[/b]: b bm bs bw d dj dm dn dw dʤ f fd fg fh fj fk fw g gd gh gl gm gs gw h hb hj j jb jf js k kd kh kz l lb lh lj ll lm ls lw lʤ m mj mm ms n nd ng nh nk nl nm ns nw nʤ s sb sk sm sn sz w wk wl ww wʤ z zb zg zm zn zz ʤ ʤl ʤm
[b]Word final consonants[/b]: b j k l m n s w z ʤ
[b]Spelling rules[/b]:
[table][tr][th]Pronunciation[/th][th]Spelling[/th][/tr][tr][td]ɛ[/td][td][b]e[/b][/td][/tr][tr][td]ɔ[/td][td][b]o[/b][/td][/tr][tr][td]ʊ[/td][td][b]u[/b][/td][/tr][tr][td]ɪ[/td][td][b]i[/b][/td][/tr][tr][td]ɜː[/td][td][b]ä[/b][/td][/tr][tr][td]j[/td][td][b]y[/b][/td][/tr][tr][td]ʤ[/td][td][b]j[/b][/td][/tr][tr][td]Vː[/td][td][b]VV[/b][/td][/tr][/table]
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[h2]Grammar[/h2]
[b]Main word order[/b]: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into [i]Mary the door opened with a key[/i].
[b]Adjective order[/b]: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
[b]Adposition[/b]: postpositions
[h2]Nouns[/h2]
Nouns have four cases:[ul][li][b]Ergative[/b] is the doer of a verb, when the verb is [i]done to something[/i]: [b]dog[/b] bites man. [/li][li][b]Absolutive[/b] is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something ([b]dog[/b] bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites [b]dog[/b]). [/li][li][b]Genitive[/b] is the possessor of something: [b]dog’s[/b] tail hits man. [/li][li][b]Dative[/b] is the recipient of something: man gives ball [b]to dog[/b]. [/li][/ul][table][tr][td]
[b]Ergative[/b][/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -ɘm
[b]ɲapam[/b] /ˈɲapam/
dog (doing the verb to something)
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]Absolutive[/b][/td][td]No affix
[b]ɲapa[/b] /ˈɲapa/
dog (doing the verb, but not to something)
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]Genitive[/b][/td][td]Suffix -o
[b]ɲapao[/b] /ɲaˈpao/
dogʼs
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]Dative[/b][/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -it
[b]ɲapat[/b] /ˈɲapat/
to (the/a) dog
[/td][/tr][/table]
[table][tr][td][b]Singular[/b][/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
[b]ɲapan[/b] /ˈɲapan/
dog
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]Plural[/b][/td][td]No affix
[b]ɲapa[/b] /ˈɲapa/
dogs
[/td][/tr][/table]
[h2]Articles[/h2]
[table][tr][th][/th][th]Definite[/th][th]Indefinite[/th][/tr][tr][td][b]Singular[/b][/td][td][b]im[/b] /im/
the
[/td][td][b]fih[/b] /fih/
a
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]Plural[/b][/td][td][b]ga[/b] /ga/
the
[/td][td][b]ɲɘp[/b] /ɲɘp/
some
[/td][/tr][/table]
Uses of definite article that differ from English:[ul][li]Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’ [/li][li]Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’ [/li][li]Used with place names: ‘The London’ [/li][/ul]
Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:[ul][li]Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’ [/li][/ul]
[h2]Pronouns[/h2]
[table][tr][th][/th][th]Ergative[/th][th]Absolutive[/th][th]Genitive[/th][th]Dative[/th][/tr][tr][td][b]1st singular[/b][/td][td][b]fem[/b] /fem/
I
[/td][td][b]no[/b] /nɔ/
me, I
[/td][td][b]ɲi[/b] /ɲi/
mine
[/td][td][b]no[/b] /no/
to me
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]2nd singular[/b][/td][td][b]haɗ[/b] /haɗ/
you
[/td][td][b]pan[/b] /pan/
you
[/td][td][b]ɓe[/b] /ɓe/
yours
[/td][td][b]ho[/b] /ho/
to you
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]3rd singular masc[/b][/td][td][b]bɘp[/b] /bɘp/
he, it
[/td][td][b]me[/b] /mɛ/
him, it
[/td][td][b]bog[/b] /bog/
his, its
[/td][td][b]gih[/b] /gih/
to him, at it
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]3rd singular fem[/b][/td][td][b]ʄo[/b] /ʄɔ/
she, it
[/td][td][b]bo[/b] /bɔ/
her, it
[/td][td][b]yu[/b] /ju/
hers, its
[/td][td][b]fip[/b] /fip/
to her, at it
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]1st plural[/b][/td][td][b]hum[/b] /hum/
we
[/td][td][b]hu[/b] /hu/
us, we
[/td][td][b]ɘ[/b] /ɘ/
ours
[/td][td][b]ɗok[/b] /ɗɔk/
to us
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]2nd plural[/b][/td][td][b]ma[/b] /ma/
you all
[/td][td][b]ba[/b] /ba/
you all
[/td][td][b]pip[/b] /pip/
yours (pl)
[/td][td][b]ʄa[/b] /ʄa/
to you all
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]3rd plural[/b][/td][td][b]e[/b] /ɛ/
they
[/td][td][b]go[/b] /go/
them, they
[/td][td][b]u[/b] /u/
theirs
[/td][td][b]ga[/b] /ga/
to them
[/td][/tr][/table]
[h2]Possessive determiners[/h2]
[table][tr][td][b]1st singular[/b][/td][td][b]dak[/b] /dak/
my
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]2nd singular[/b][/td][td][b]ha[/b] /ha/
your
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]3rd singular masc[/b][/td][td][b]me[/b] /mɛ/
his
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]3rd singular fem[/b][/td][td][b]ɲi[/b] /ɲi/
her
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]1st plural[/b][/td][td][b]ba[/b] /ba/
our
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]2nd plural[/b][/td][td][b]foɲ[/b] /fɔɲ/
your (pl)
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]3rd plural[/b][/td][td][b]hut[/b] /hut/
their
[/td][/tr][/table]
[h2]Verbs[/h2]
[table][tr][th][/th][th]Present[/th][th]Past[/th][th]Remote past[/th][/tr][tr][td][b]1st person[/b][/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -ep
[b]ɲup[/b] /ɲup/
(I/we) learn
[/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʄ
Else: Suffix -aʄ
[b]ɲuʄ[/b] /ɲuʄ/
(I/we) learned
[/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -f
Else: Suffix -ɔf
[b]ɲuf[/b] /ɲuf/
(I/we) learned (long ago)
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]2nd person[/b][/td][td]Suffix -ɛ
[b]ɲue[/b] /ˈɲuɛ/
(you/you all) learn
[/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɗ
Else: Suffix -iɗ
[b]ɲuɗ[/b] /ɲuɗ/
(you/you all) learned
[/td][td]Suffix -ɔ
[b]ɲuo[/b] /ˈɲuɔ/
(you/you all) learned (long ago)
[/td][/tr][tr][td][b]3rd person[/b][/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʄ
Else: Suffix -eʄ
[b]ɲuʄ[/b] /ɲuʄ/
(he/she/it/they) learn
[/td][td]Suffix -i
[b]ɲui[/b] /ˈɲui/
(he/she/it/they) learned
[/td][td]If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɗ
Else: Suffix -aɗ
[b]ɲuɗ[/b] /ɲuɗ/
(he/she/it/they) learned (long ago)
[/td][/tr][/table]
Pewamro uses a standalone particle word for future tense:[table][tr][td][b]Future[/b][/td][td]Particle before the verb: jɔ –
[b]yo ɲu[/b] /jɔ ɲu/
will learn
[/td][/tr][/table]
[h2]Numbers[/h2]
Pewamro has a base-10 number system:
1 – [b]do[/b]
2 – [b]mɘ[/b]
3 – [b]me[/b]
4 – [b]mi[/b]
5 – [b]af[/b]
6 – [b]ɓu[/b]
7 – [b]hi[/b]
8 – [b]i[/b]
9 – [b]hep[/b]
10 – [b]dit[/b]
11 – [b]do[/b] [b]fot[/b] [b]dit[/b] “one and ten”
100 – [b]do[/b] [b]ʄoɗ[/b] “one hundred”
101 – [b]do[/b] [b]ʄoɗ[/b] [b]do[/b] “one hundred one”
200 – [b]mɘ[/b] [b]ʄoɗ[/b]
1000 – [b]do[/b] [b]mɘymɘ[/b] “one thousand”
[h3]Derivational morphology[/h3]
[b]Adjective → adverb[/b] = Suffix -e
[b]Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj])[/b] = Suffix -u
[b]Adjective → verb (to make something [adj])[/b] = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ɘk
[b]Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun])[/b] = Suffix -ɛk
[b]Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic)[/b] = Suffix -em
[b]Noun to verb[/b] = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɗ
Else: Suffix -oɗ
[b]Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb])[/b] = If ends with vowel: Suffix -f
Else: Suffix -if
[b]Tending to[/b] = Suffix -i
[b]Verb → noun (the act of [verb])[/b] = Suffix -ɛt
[b]Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge)[/b] = Suffix -ip
[b]One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter)[/b] = Suffix -ɛ
[b]Place of (e.g. wine → winery)[/b] = Suffix -og
[b]Diminutive[/b] = Suffix -u
[b]Augmentative[/b] = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g
Else: Suffix -eg
